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Wednesday, November 6, 2024

10 Signs Of Tuberculosis (TB) In Babies, Causes & Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1). Tuberculosis in babies, similar to adults, primarily affects the lungs and is termed pediatric tuberculosis (for all children aged 15 years and below). However, babies and young children are highly prone to acquire life-threatening types of tuberculosis and other respiratory infections.

How Common Is Tuberculosis In Babies?

The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased in developed countries over the last few years.

The graph below shares the age distribution of individuals impacted by TB disease based on the CDC’s data collected between 1993 and 2020. According to the findings, the prevalence of TB across all age groups is declining. As of 2020, TB’s prevalence between children aged 0 and 4 years is 0.9 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Treatment For TB In Infants

Curing the patient and limiting the spread of the infection in the community are the main goals of tuberculosis treatment.

The doctor might give your baby a combination of the following drugs (6).Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampicin (RIF)
Pyrazinamide (PZA)
Rifabutin
Ethambutol

Isoniazid and rifampicin are usually the first choices of antibiotic therapy drugs.

All these medicines reduce the bacterial load by killing the bacteria, thereby stopping the progression of the disease and its transmission to other people.

The doctors usually prescribe these medicines for six to nine months for the effective eradication of the bacteria. The WHO also recommends the directly observed therapy short-course treatment (DOTS) strategy for the management of TB. It is essential to complete the entire course of medicine to avoid relapse of the disease. The doctor might prescribe medicines for latent infections as well to prevent further health problems such as bacterial meningitis.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Tuesday, November 5, 2024

Tips for staying healthy (and what to do if you get sick)

Ways to stay healthy

1. Get vaccinated

Vaccines can help your body’s immune system recognize and defend against a variety of viruses before you get infected. They can also reduce the severity of your symptoms if you end up falling ill.

Here are two vaccines to consider getting this year. Flu: Students have a couple options to get a flu shot this semester. They can get a free flu shot at one of the flu shot clinics around campus—no appointment necessary. Students can also visit Wardenburg Monday through Friday from 9-11 a.m. Appointments are encouraged, but walk-ins can be accommodated depending on availability.
COVID: Updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are available this year at Medical Services. Visit the Medical Services website for more information.

2. Avoid the spread

Practicing good infection-prevention habits can help reduce your exposure to germs and viruses and prevent the spread of illnesses.

Here are some ways you can help yourself and others. Wash your hands regularly, especially before eating, after using the restroom and after class. Be sure to use soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds or use hand sanitizer.
Remind your friends, roommates and peers to cover their coughs and sneezes, even if it’s just seasonal allergies.
Wipe down commonly used surfaces in your home or residence hall, including door handles, toilets, faucets, remotes and other areas you and your roommates touch regularly.
Avoid sharing personal products and utensils with others. This includes things like lip balm, food, beverages, vapes and other products. You may also choose to wear a mask to reduce your exposure to respiratory illnesses.

3. Take care of yourself

Did you know that your immune system can be impacted by the things you do every day?

Here are a few ways to take care of yourself this season. Sleep: Getting seven to nine hours of sleep each night can help strengthen your body and immune system against illnesses. Try creating a routine where you wake up and go to bed at the same time each night to ensure you get enough sleep.
Eating habits: Eating a variety of foods regularly can help you maintain your energy and ward off viral and bacterial infections. Try adding vitamin-dense fruits and vegetables to each of your meals.
Hydration: Staying hydrated can help loosen mucus and increase blood flow. Carrying a refillable water bottle and using water stations around campus is a great way to ensure you stay hydrated throughout the day.
Physical activity: Staying physically active can help your body build resilience against infectious diseases. Strive for at least 30 minutes of activity each day. This can include everything from walks across campus and trips to The Rec to playing yard games outside with friends.
Stress: Taking time to relax and manage stress is important to keep your immune system running at full capacity. When we feel overwhelmed it can impact how we take care of ourselves and decrease our ability to fight off infections.

What to do if you get sick

1. Stay home

Here are some more things you can do to prevent the spread of illnesses: Disinfect surfaces in your home, especially if you live with more people.
Cough and sneeze into your sleeve, elbow or a tissue.
Increase ventilation by opening windows.
Avoid sharing utensils or personal items with roommates or friends.
Wash your hands regularly.
Wear a mask if you’re worried about respiratory illnesses.

2. Inform your instructors and supervisors

If you’re going to miss class or work due to an illness, give your instructors and/or supervisors a heads up.

Reach out to your instructors directly to explain your situation and let them know you cannot attend class. You should email them any assignments that are due and let them know you will make up any missed coursework. If you think you may be absent for longer, you should communicate that with them and ask them to discuss a plan to keep up in class.

If you need help navigating class requirements while you’re ill, Student Support and Case Management can help you come up with a plan and connect with campus resources.

3. Monitor your symptoms

Many illnesses share symptoms, and it can be hard to tell exactly what you have, especially in the early days of an infection. For instance, coughing and headaches are common among many illnesses, including flu, cold and COVID. Testing for COVID can help you narrow down the list of possible illnesses. At-home test kits are available over the counter at the Apothecary Pharmacy and at most local pharmacies.

While you’re sick, be sure to monitor your symptoms. Most illnesses can be managed at home with basic remedies.

Here are a few at-home remedies to try. Drink plenty of fluids like water or tea.
If you are dehydrated, opt for electrolyte beverages like Gatorade or Pedialyte.
Get extra rest to help your body recover.
Use cough drops, gargle with saltwater or try honey sticks to relieve a sore throat.
Use over-the-counter medications to help manage symptoms like nausea or diarrhea.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Monday, November 4, 2024

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Q fever

Q fever

Signs and Symptoms

The following symptoms are commonly seen in patients with acute Q fever. However, it is important to note that the combination of signs and symptoms vary from person to person. Some patients may not have any symptoms following infection.Fever
Fatigue
Headache
Malaise
Myalgia
Chills or sweats
Cough
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Chest pain

Clinical assessment

Q fever is challenging for healthcare providers to diagnose and treat. The symptoms are non-specific and there is variability of presentation from patient to patient, making it difficult to distinguish from other diseases. Serology will frequently be negative in the first 2 weeks of illness. As serology is expected to be negative early in the illness course, treatment should be initiated based on clinical suspicion rather than waiting for the results of confirmatory serologic testing. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can rapidly confirm an acute Q fever infection. Samples are ideally taken during the first 2 weeks of illness and before or shortly following doxycycline administration. In the first 2 weeks of illness it is recommended to use serologic tests in combination with PCR of whole blood or serum. Treatment should be initiated as soon as Q fever is suspected and should not be withheld pending diagnostic test results.

Complications

Most people with acute Q fever infection recover completely; however, some may experience serious illness with pneumonia, granulomatous hepatitis, myocarditis, or central nervous system complications.

Pregnant people who are infected (even without clinical illness) may be at risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term delivery, or low infant birth weight.

Chronic Q fever occurs in <5% of patients infected with Coxiella burnetii. It may present within weeks after an acute infection or may manifest many years later. Anyone who was infected with Coxiella burnetii is at risk for developing chronic Q fever; however, people with a history of valvular heart defects, arterial aneurysms, or vascular grafts are at increased risk. People infected by Coxiella burnetii during pregnancy and those with immunosuppression are also at increased risk of developing chronic Q fever.

Endocarditis is the most commonly identified manifestation of chronic Q fever and is fatal if untreated. Patients with endocarditis require long-term antibiotic treatment (at least 18 months) for a successful outcome. Other forms of chronic Q fever include infections of bone, liver, vascular aneurysms, or reproductive organs.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Saturday, November 2, 2024

COVID vaccines saved 20M lives in 1st year, scientists say

COVID vaccines saved 20M lives in 1st year, scientists say

Nearly 20 million lives were saved by COVID-19 vaccines during their first year, but even more deaths could have been prevented if international targets for the shots had been reached, researchers reported Thursday.

On Dec. 8, 2020, a retired shop clerk in England received the first shot in what would become a global vaccination campaign. Over the next 12 months, more than 4.3 billion people around the world lined up for the vaccines.

The effort, though marred by persisting inequities, prevented deaths on an unimaginable scale, said Oliver Watson of Imperial College London, who led the new modeling study.

“Catastrophic would be the first word that comes to mind,” Watson said of the outcome if vaccines hadn’t been available to fight the coronavirus. The findings “quantify just how much worse the pandemic could have been if we did not have these vaccines.”

The researchers used data from 185 countries to estimate that vaccines prevented 4.2 million COVID-19 deaths in India, 1.9 million in the United States, 1 million in Brazil, 631,000 in France and 507,000 in the United Kingdom.

An additional 600,000 deaths would have been prevented if the World Health Organization target of 40% vaccination coverage by the end of 2021 had been met, according to the study published Thursday in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The main finding — 19.8 million COVID-19 deaths were prevented — is based on estimates of how many more deaths than usual occurred during the time period. Using only reported COVID-19 deaths, the same model yielded 14.4 million deaths averted by vaccines.

The London scientists excluded China because of uncertainty around the pandemic’s effect on deaths there and its huge population.

The study has other limitations. The researchers did not include how the virus might have mutated differently in the absence of vaccines. And they did not factor in how lockdowns or mask wearing might have changed if vaccines weren’t available.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Wednesday, October 30, 2024

GPs advise not to ignore scabies symptoms

Scabies

People are being told not to ignore an itchy rash, with GPs in England reporting a spike in scabies - the highly infectious skin infestation.

The condition is caused by a mite which burrows under the skin to lay eggs and is spread through close physical contact, bedding and clothes.

It can spread quickly in places where people live closely together, such as universities and care homes, the Royal College of GPs (RCGP) said.

'Tiny red dots'

Some 3,689 cases were diagnosed in hospitals in England in the year to April – up from 2,128 the previous year, according to NHS figures.

The BBC has heard from people at five universities around the country, who spoke of multiple cases arising "out of nowhere" and whole houses having scabies.

One student said BBC "tiny red dots" along his wrist had begun spreading.

"One of my housemates came out to the house that she had scabies at the time as well. So then I was like, 'Okay, so do I'," he added.

More on this story

Another student told us he had been trying to get rid of it for "two to three months". When we asked how he thought he had caught it he said: "Probably a lot of sleeping together”.

Prof Hawthorne said: "We recognise that patients may be apprehensive to seek treatment given the social stigma that surrounds the condition, but it is important that they don’t ignore their symptoms as this could lead to them getting worse and risks transmitting the condition to other people."

Everyone infected needs to be treated at the same time with a cream or lotion from the pharmacy, doctors say.

Patients are also advised to wash their bedding and clothes on a high temperature.

Dr Alison George, a GP in the north of England who works in an emergency department, said many students come straight to A&E, but only after the disease has become worse.

"It can be really nasty. It is then really difficult to treat if you've got a really large area of the body covered in it."

Tuesday, October 29, 2024

Mpox

Mpox

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus, a species of the genus Orthopoxvirus. There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (with subclades Ia and Ib) and clade II (with subclades IIa and IIb). In 2022–2023 a global outbreak of mpox was caused by the clade IIb strain.

Transmission

Mpox spreads from person to person mainly through close contact with someone who has mpox, including members of a household. Close contact includes skin-to-skin (such as touching or sex) and mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-skin contact (such as kissing), and it can also include being face-to-face with someone who has mpox (such as talking or breathing close to one another, which can generate infectious respiratory particles).

People with multiple sexual partners are at higher risk of acquiring mpox.

People can also contract mpox from contaminated objects such as clothing or linen, through needle injuries in health care, or in community settings such as tattoo parlours.

During pregnancy or birth, the virus may be passed to the baby. Contracting mpox during pregnancy can be dangerous for the fetus or newborn infant and can lead to loss of the pregnancy, stillbirth, death of the newborn, or complications for the parent.

Animal-to-human transmission of mpox occurs from infected animals to humans from bites or scratches, or during activities such as hunting, skinning, trapping, cooking, playing with carcasses or eating animals. The animal reservoir of the monkeypox virus remains unknown and further studies are underway.

More research is needed on how mpox spreads during outbreaks in different settings and under different conditions.

Signs and symptoms

Mpox causes signs and symptoms which usually begin within a week but can start 1–21 days after exposure. Symptoms typically last 2–4 weeks but may last longer in someone with a weakened immune system.

Common symptoms of mpox are:
rash
fever
sore throat
headache
muscle aches
back pain
low energy
swollen lymph nodes.

For some people, the first symptom of mpox is a rash, while others may have fever, muscle aches or sore throat first.

Diagnosis

Identifying mpox can be difficult because other infections and conditions can look similar. It is important to distinguish mpox from chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, herpes, syphilis, other sexually transmitted infections, and medication-associated allergies. Someone with mpox may also have another sexually transmitted infection at the same time, such as syphilis or herpes. Alternatively, a child with suspected mpox may also have chickenpox. For these reasons, testing is key for people to get care as early as possible and prevent severe illness and further spread.

The preferred laboratory test for mpox is detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The best diagnostic specimens are taken directly from the rash – skin, fluid or crusts – collected by vigorous swabbing. In the absence of skin lesions, testing can be done using swabs of the throat or anus. Testing blood is not recommended. Antibody detection methods may not be useful as they do not distinguish between different orthopoxviruses.

HIV testing should be offered to adults with mpox, and children as appropriate. Diagnostic tests for other conditions should be considered where feasible, for example, varicella zoster virus (VZV), syphilis and herpes.

Treatment and vaccination

The goal of treating mpox is to take care of the rash, manage pain and prevent complications. Early and supportive care is important to help manage symptoms and avoid further problems.

Getting an mpox vaccine can help prevent infection (pre-exposure prophylaxis). It is recommended for people at high-risk of getting mpox, especially during an outbreak.

Groups that may be at high risk of mpox include: health and care workers at risk of exposure; people in the same household or close community as someone who has mpox, including children; people who have multiple sex partners, including men who have sex with men; and sex workers of any gender and their clients.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Monday, October 28, 2024

Serious infections linked to dementia risk, study shows

Severe infections linked to brain atrophy and dementia

“The idea that infections can influence brain health for some people has been a no-brainer, especially those who themselves experienced infections,” said Keenan Walker, a tenure-track investigator and the director of the Multimodal Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease Unit at the National Institute on Aging.

Even small infections can change the way we think and behave. More-severe infections can, in the short term, result in delirium, which may be associated with long-term cognitive problems, Walker said. “Big infection, big immune response — not good for the brain,” he said.

he hypothesis that infections may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases has been around, albeit more on the fringes, Walker said. That changed with the coronavirus pandemic and evidence of the lasting cognitive costs of long covid, which invigorated interest in the field.

In the current study, people with a history of infections also had changes to 260 immune-related proteins out of the 942 researchers tested from blood samples. A subset of 35 proteins was also associated with brain-volume changes. Some proteins seemed pathogenic and linked to reduced brain volume, while others were protective.

In general, infections were associated with increases in pathogenic proteins and decreases in protective ones.