Overview
Mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas that spread germs (pathogens) are called vectors. A person who gets bitten by a vector and gets sick could have a vector-borne disease (VBD).
Some VBDs, like plague, have been around for thousands of years. Others, like Heartland and Bourbon virus diseases, have been discovered recently. Some VBDs can become serious, life-threatening illnesses.
Causes and spread
Several factors are driving the emergence and increased spread of VBDs, putting more people at greater risk.
Mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas that spread germs (pathogens) are called vectors. A person who gets bitten by a vector and gets sick could have a vector-borne disease (VBD).
Some VBDs, like plague, have been around for thousands of years. Others, like Heartland and Bourbon virus diseases, have been discovered recently. Some VBDs can become serious, life-threatening illnesses.
Causes and spread
Several factors are driving the emergence and increased spread of VBDs, putting more people at greater risk.
- Changing land use patterns, like reforestation, can lead to increased deer populations and suburban growth, exposing more people to more infected tick bites each year.
- Global travel and trade play a role in introducing invasive vectors and pathogens throughout the Americas.
- Travelers have inadvertently brought chikungunya and Zika viruses into the United States.
- Almost every year, travelers have been associated with local spread of dengue in southern states.
A changing climate influences the geographic distribution and seasonality of VBDs. This includes:
- Changing weather patterns and increased frequency of severe and unpredictable weather, such as heat waves and droughts.
- Longer and warmer summers and shorter and milder winters lengthen vector seasons in the United States.
- Temperature and precipitation affect disease transmission by impacting the replication, interaction, and survival of disease vectors.
These factors, along with societal factors like housing conditions, occupational exposures, and access to health care, can contribute to worsening the already disproportionate impacts of VBDs in some communities.
Prevention
Everyone in the United States is at risk of getting sick from germs spread by infected ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, and other vectors.
Everyone can take steps to prevent bites
- Prevent mosquito bites
- Prevent tick bites
- Prevent mosquito and tick bites
Few vaccines are available for vector-borne diseases. However, travelers can protect themselves. People traveling to areas with risk for the following viruses can discuss vaccination with their healthcare provider.
For the public
If you think you or a family member may be sick with a VBD, talk with your healthcare provider. Healthcare providers diagnose vector-borne infections based on:
If you think you or a family member may be sick with a VBD, talk with your healthcare provider. Healthcare providers diagnose vector-borne infections based on:
- Signs and symptoms
- History of possible exposure to mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas that can spread germs
- Laboratory testing
Your healthcare provider can order tests to look for germs or other infections that can cause symptoms similar to VBDs.
For professionals
CDC offers diagnostic testing services to public health departments when commercial tests are not available or when additional testing may be required.
Pets can get sick from germs spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. VBDs that can affect pets include dog heartworm, Lyme disease, and plague. Pets can also bring ticks into your home.
Vaccines are not available for most tickborne diseases that pets can get. Protect your pets by learning how to prevent ticks on pets.
Livestock and wildlife can also be affected, for example:
- DVBD laboratories provide testing free of charge to approved agencies. DVBD laboratories can perform testing on arboviral, bacterial, and rickettsial specimens.
Pets can get sick from germs spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. VBDs that can affect pets include dog heartworm, Lyme disease, and plague. Pets can also bring ticks into your home.
Vaccines are not available for most tickborne diseases that pets can get. Protect your pets by learning how to prevent ticks on pets.
Livestock and wildlife can also be affected, for example:
- Birds are susceptible to West Nile virus.
- Goats, sheep, and cattle can become infected with Q fever.
- Horses can get sick with eastern equine encephalitis and West Nile.
- The invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) has been found on pets, livestock, wildlife, and people.
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