Clinical Overview of CMV and Congenital CMV

Key points

• For most people, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is not a serious health problem.
• Diagnose, treat, and monitor children with congenital CMV to help improve their health outcomes.
• Perform CMV testing, evaluation, and treatment per routine institutional protocols.

Types

CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes:

• Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2
• Varicella-zoster virus
• Epstein-Barr virus

These viruses share a characteristic ability to establish lifelong latency. Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains latent and resides in cells without causing detectable damage or illness.

CMV may reactivate occasionally. Reactivation of CMV infection rarely causes disease unless the person’s immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease.

Who is at risk

For most people, CMV infection is not a serious health problem. However, certain groups are at high risk for serious complications from CMV infection:

• Infants infected in utero (congenital CMV infection)
• Very low birth weight and premature infants
• People with compromised immune systems, such as from organ and bone marrow transplants, and people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The risk of CMV complications to the fetus is greatest if a primary infection occurs during the first trimester.

How it spreads

CMV is spread through:

• Contact with infectious body fluids (urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk)
• Sexual contact
• Transplanted organs and blood transfusions
• Contact with the mother's genital secretions during delivery

Although the virus is not highly contagious, it has been shown to spread among household members and young children in daycare centers.

CMV infects people of all ages. In the United States; nearly one in three children are infected with CMV by age five. Over half of adults have been infected with CMV by age 40, most with no signs or symptoms.

CMV is transmitted by direct contact with infectious body fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk. CMV can be transmitted sexually and through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.

Prevention

CMV is common in children and can be found in especially high amounts in young children’s saliva and urine. Avoiding contact with saliva and urine from young children might reduce the risk of CMV infection. Healthcare providers should follow standard precautions.

CMV vaccines are currently in clinical trials. Learn more about how vaccines are licensed and recommended

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases

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