INTRODUCTION 🌊
The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a pressing environmental and public health issue, particularly when these contaminants are present in drinking water sources. This study focuses on the comprehensive investigation of antibiotics in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater across Anhui Province, China. It aims to explore the occurrence, distribution, and sources of antibiotics, as well as assess their ecological and human health risks. By systematically analyzing water samples, the study contributes crucial insights into the environmental behavior of antibiotics and highlights the necessity of addressing antibiotic pollution in critical freshwater systems.
ANTIBIOTIC OCCURRENCE AND CONCENTRATION TRENDS 🧪
A total of 0.04 to 215.13 ng/L of antibiotics were detected across sampled water bodies, revealing a widespread but varied presence. Among the six classes of antibiotics analyzed, lincosamides and sulfonamides were predominant, with lincomycin (up to 159.38 ng/L) and clindamycin (up to 100.45 ng/L) being the most concentrated. Sulfamethoxazole had the highest detection frequency at 86.16%, suggesting its extensive use and persistence. Rivers exhibited significantly higher total antibiotic concentrations compared to lakes, reservoirs, and groundwaters, indicating potential vulnerabilities linked to surface water exposure and surrounding anthropogenic pressures.
SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ANTIBIOTIC COMPOSITION 📍
The structural composition of antibiotics varied notably among different water sources. Groundwater showed a distinct antibiotic profile compared to surface waters, possibly due to filtration, geological conditions, and delayed contaminant transport. In contrast, rivers displayed more complex and diverse antibiotic mixtures, reflecting their openness to various pollution inputs. These differences underline the need for source-specific strategies in water quality management and suggest that natural processes and human interventions uniquely shape the chemical profiles of aquatic environments.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ANTIBIOTIC DISTRIBUTION 🌿
Environmental parameters, particularly nitrogen levels, were found to have a significant spatial correlation with antibiotic concentrations. Elevated nitrogen levels may co-occur with antibiotic residues due to overlapping sources such as fertilizer runoff and livestock waste. Human activities such as urban discharge, intensive agriculture, and aquaculture were identified as exacerbating factors in the dissemination of antibiotics. This linkage underscores the interconnectedness between nutrient pollution and pharmaceutical contamination, advocating for integrated pollution control approaches.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND APPORTIONMENT 🔍
The study employed source apportionment methods to trace the origins of antibiotic contamination. Farmland drainage emerged as the dominant source in riverine systems, while aquaculture practices heavily contributed to reservoir pollution. Lakes and groundwaters were primarily impacted by livestock-related antibiotic inputs. These findings point to the need for tailored mitigation strategies targeting specific pollution sources, such as improved agricultural practices, regulated livestock operations, and sustainable aquaculture management.
RISK ASSESSMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS ⚠️
Despite most antibiotics being within acceptable risk thresholds, some substances like lincomycin, clindamycin, clarithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tylosin posed ecological or human health threats. The maximum ecological risk quotient reached 8.83 in rivers, while the human health quotient peaked at 0.32—both higher than other water sources. The study emphasizes the potential danger of long-term, low-dose exposure to antibiotics, particularly through drinking water. Continuous monitoring and enhanced water treatment methods are essential to safeguard both ecosystem integrity and public health.
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#AntibioticPollution #AquaticContaminants #WaterQuality #EnvironmentalHealth #PharmaceuticalResidues #PublicHealthRisk #FreshwaterEcosystems #AnhuiProvince #ChinaWaterResearch #Lincomycin #Clindamycin #Sulfamethoxazole #AntibioticResistance #SourceApportionment #EcologicalRisk #GroundwaterSafety #SurfaceWaterMonitoring #AquacultureImpact #LivestockPollution #SustainableWaterManagement
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