Reveals Defense Pathways in Chinese Cabbage Against Black Spot Disease 🌱🧬 #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Black spot disease, caused by Alternaria brassicicola, represents a major biotic constraint to Chinese cabbage production, leading to significant yield and quality losses. Understanding the molecular and biochemical defence strategies employed by resistant germplasm is essential for developing durable disease management approaches. Recent advances in multi-omics technologies have enabled integrated analyses of transcriptomic and metabolomic responses during early pathogen infection, offering new insights into host–pathogen interactions. In this context, the Chinese cabbage line 904B provides an excellent model to dissect early defence signalling and resistance-associated pathways against black spot disease.

Hormonal Reprogramming During Early Infection

Upon infection with A. brassicicola, Chinese cabbage line 904B exhibits a pronounced shift in phytohormone signalling. Growth-related hormones such as cytokinin and auxin are significantly suppressed, reflecting a strategic reallocation of resources away from development toward defence. In contrast, defence-associated hormones, particularly ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA), are strongly activated. This hormonal reprogramming highlights the central role of JA–ethylene crosstalk in mediating resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and underscores the importance of hormone balance in early immune responses.

Transcriptomic Insights Into Defence Activation

Transcriptomic profiling at 24 hours post-inoculation reveals extensive gene expression reprogramming in 904B. Genes involved in signal transduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and stress responses are markedly upregulated, while those associated with cell growth and differentiation are downregulated. Notably, defence-related kinases and transcriptional regulators show rapid induction, suggesting a tightly controlled signalling cascade that enables rapid perception of pathogen invasion and activation of downstream immune responses.

Metabolomic Remodeling and Secondary Metabolites

Metabolomic analysis demonstrates significant alterations in secondary metabolite accumulation following pathogen challenge. Among these, the sterol compound 4,4-dimethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol is markedly upregulated in infected tissues, implicating sterol metabolism in plant defence. Differentially accumulated metabolites are primarily enriched in indole alkaloid metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism pathways, indicating their involvement in strengthening cellular barriers, modulating membrane integrity, and enhancing antimicrobial activity during black spot disease resistance.

Functional Role of BraPBL in Disease Resistance

BraPBL, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) family member, exhibits progressively increased expression with prolonged A. brassicicola infection. Functional analyses demonstrate that overexpression of BraPBL significantly enhances resistance to black spot disease, whereas gene silencing compromises host defence. Subcellular localization studies confirm that BraPBL resides at the plasma membrane, consistent with its proposed role in early pathogen perception and signal initiation.

BraPBL-Mediated Signalling and Defence Pathways

Overexpression of BraPBL leads to the activation of key defence-associated genes, including the ROS-generating enzyme RBOH and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MEKK1. This activation promotes ROS accumulation and signal amplification, while simultaneously stimulating the JA signalling pathway. Collectively, these findings position BraPBL as a crucial positive regulator of black spot disease resistance, linking membrane-associated signalling, hormone-mediated defence, and metabolic reprogramming in Chinese cabbage.

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Hashtags

#BlackSpotDisease, #ChineseCabbage, #AlternariaBrassicicola, #PlantPathology, #PlantImmunity, #Transcriptomics, #Metabolomics, #Phytohormones, #JasmonicAcid, #EthyleneSignaling, #SecondaryMetabolites, #SterolMetabolism, #BraPBL, #RLCK, #ROS, #MAPKSignaling, #DiseaseResistance, #HostPathogenInteraction, #PlantDefenseMechanisms, #CropProtection

Liver Crossroads🧬| Orchestrating Lipoprotein Dynamics & Lipid Homeostasis #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

The liver is a central metabolic organ responsible for maintaining systemic lipid homeostasis through tightly regulated processes such as fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and the assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). These pathways allow the liver to detoxify excess circulating free fatty acids and redistribute lipids to peripheral tissues for energy utilization. Disruption of these mechanisms contributes to hepatic lipid accumulation and the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously termed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Given the close association between hepatic lipid dysregulation, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders, understanding liver lipid metabolism remains a major focus of biomedical research.

Hepatic Fatty Acid Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking

Hepatic fatty acid uptake occurs through both passive diffusion and transporter-mediated mechanisms involving proteins such as CD36 and fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs). Once inside hepatocytes, fatty acids are esterified, oxidized, or incorporated into lipoproteins. Intracellular trafficking of fatty acids toward mitochondria, peroxisomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum is tightly regulated to prevent lipotoxicity. Dysregulation at this stage can shift lipid flux toward storage rather than oxidation, promoting hepatic steatosis and metabolic stress, making this process a critical area for mechanistic and translational research.

Fatty Acid Oxidation and Hepatic Energy Homeostasis

Fatty acid oxidation is essential for maintaining hepatic energy balance and preventing lipid overload. Mitochondrial β-oxidation serves as the primary pathway for fatty acid catabolism, while peroxisomal oxidation handles very-long-chain fatty acids. Impairment in these oxidative pathways leads to lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation—hallmarks of MASLD progression. Current research focuses on transcriptional regulators such as PPARα and AMPK, which coordinate fatty acid oxidation and represent potential therapeutic targets.

VLDL Biogenesis: Molecular Assembly and Lipidation

VLDL biogenesis is a multistep process initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum, where apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) is lipidated by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP). This process ensures efficient packaging of triglycerides and cholesterol into nascent lipoprotein particles. Defects in VLDL assembly can result in intracellular triglyceride accumulation, exacerbating hepatic steatosis. Despite its importance, the precise regulation of ApoB stability, lipid availability, and ER quality control during VLDL formation remains incompletely understood.

Regulation of VLDL Secretion and Systemic Lipid Distribution

Once assembled, VLDLs are secreted into the circulation to deliver triglycerides to peripheral tissues. This secretion process plays a protective role by exporting excess hepatic lipids; however, excessive VLDL output contributes to hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Hormonal signals, nutrient availability, and insulin resistance strongly influence VLDL secretion rates. Ongoing research aims to clarify how altered hepatic insulin signaling selectively enhances VLDL secretion while failing to suppress lipid synthesis in metabolic disease states.

Clinical Implications and Future Research Directions

Dysregulation of fatty acid oxidation and VLDL metabolism links MASLD to systemic metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Given that atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of global mortality, hepatic lipid handling has emerged as a critical determinant of cardiometabolic risk. Future research must integrate molecular biology, omics technologies, and clinical studies to unravel unresolved mechanisms governing hepatic lipid balance. Advancing this knowledge is essential for developing targeted therapies to prevent liver disease progression and reduce cardiovascular morbidity.

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#LiverMetabolism #VLDL #FattyAcidOxidation #LipidHomeostasis #MASLD #NAFLD #HepaticSteatosis #CardiometabolicHealth #Atherosclerosis #MetabolicDisease #ApoB100 #MTP #InsulinResistance #LipidResearch #Hepatology #MolecularMetabolism #TranslationalResearch #CardiovascularRisk #MetabolicSyndrome #LiverHealth

Cosmetic Wipe Microbiology Testing 🧴🦠 | Single-Lab Validation Study #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Cosmetic wipes are widely used for baby care, personal hygiene, makeup removal, and topical product application due to their convenience and versatility. However, despite containing preservatives, these products remain susceptible to microbial contamination during manufacturing, packaging, and consumer use. Such contamination can pose risks ranging from product spoilage to skin infections, highlighting the need for reliable microbiological quality control. Currently, there is no universally validated method for microbiological testing of cosmetic wipes, creating a regulatory and analytical gap. Addressing this challenge is essential for consumer safety and for harmonizing testing protocols within regulatory frameworks such as the FDA Biological Analytical Manual (BAM).

Microbiological Risks Associated with Cosmetic Wipes

Cosmetic wipes provide a moist, nutrient-containing environment that can support microbial survival, especially when preservatives are unevenly distributed or compromised over time. Contamination may occur from raw materials, processing equipment, or repeated consumer handling. Spore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus cereus are of particular concern due to their resistance to preservatives and environmental stresses. The presence of such microorganisms can lead to dermatological reactions, infections, and reduced product shelf life, emphasizing the importance of accurate detection and enumeration methods.

Need for a Validated Sample Preparation Method

Traditional microbiological testing approaches used for cosmetics are often unsuitable for wipes due to their heterogeneous structure, variable liquid content, and complex preservative systems. Sampling only a small portion of a wipe may not reflect the true microbial load, while whole-wipe analysis presents technical challenges in extraction efficiency. The absence of a standardized, validated method complicates inter-laboratory comparisons and regulatory enforcement. Therefore, developing a specific, reproducible sample preparation protocol is critical for reliable quantitative microbial analysis of cosmetic wipes.

Comparative Evaluation of Extraction Methods

This study evaluated three extraction approaches: mBAM1g (1 g reference method), mBAMww (whole wipe method based on BAM Chapter 23), and ISOww (whole wipe method based on ISO without Tween 80). Ten different wipe formulations with varying compositions and preservative systems were inoculated with B. cereus spores and aged for 14 days. Results showed that for commercial wipes, whole-wipe methods (mBAMww and ISOww) performed as well as or better than the 1 g method, suggesting improved representativeness of microbial recovery when the entire wipe is analyzed.

Impact of Wipe Composition, Preservatives, and Surfactants

Wipe matrix composition, preservative type, and inoculation method significantly influenced microbial distribution and recovery. Laboratory-made wipes showed higher recovery from 1 g samples compared to whole wipes, likely due to cell loss or uneven distribution during aging. The inclusion of Tween 80 (T80) enhanced the recovery of B. cereus, indicating its role in improving microbial release from wipe fibers. These findings underscore the importance of considering formulation-specific factors when designing microbiological testing protocols.

Regulatory Implications and Recommended Method

Based on performance, reproducibility, and applicability to commercial products, the mBAMww whole-wipe method is recommended for routine microbiological analysis of cosmetic wipes. Adoption of this method within the FDA BAM would provide a standardized approach for industry and regulators, improving product safety assessment and consumer protection. This work represents a significant step toward establishing validated microbiological testing guidelines for cosmetic wipes and supports evidence-based regulatory decision-making.

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#CosmeticWipes,#MicrobiologicalTesting,#BacillusCereus,#FDA_BAM,#CosmeticSafety,#PreservativeEfficacy,#WholeWipeMethod,#SamplePreparation,#ProductContamination,#SkinHealth,#RegulatoryScience,#QualityControl,#MicrobialRecovery,#SporeFormingBacteria,#Tween80,#CosmeticMicrobiology,#MethodValidation,#ConsumerSafety,#ISOStandards,#PersonalCareResearch,

The Lungs 🫁❤️ | Cardiovascular Risk in COPD Patients with Prior Tuberculosis #pencis #researchawards

 

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB) are increasingly recognized as intersecting global health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and among aging populations. Beyond shared risk factors, prior pulmonary TB has emerged as an independent and robust determinant of COPD, even in never-smokers. This overlap creates a unique clinical scenario in which structural lung damage, persistent immune activation, and systemic inflammation interact to elevate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Understanding COPD through a TB-aware lens is therefore essential for advancing both respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes in high-burden settings.

Epidemiology and Distinct COPD–Post-TB Phenotypes

Epidemiological evidence consistently demonstrates higher COPD prevalence among individuals with a history of pulmonary TB. This post-TB COPD phenotype is clinically distinct, characterized by mixed obstructive–restrictive ventilatory defects, reduced diffusing capacity (DLCO), and radiographic sequelae such as fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Patients frequently experience higher exacerbation rates, increased hospitalizations, and worse functional status, underscoring the need to recognize post-TB lung disease as more than conventional smoking-related COPD.

Pathobiological Mechanisms Linking TB, COPD, and Cardiovascular Risk

Mechanistic studies suggest that convergent biological pathways drive excess cardiopulmonary risk in COPD patients with prior TB. Chronic immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, prothrombotic remodeling, and dysregulated lipid metabolism contribute to a milieu that promotes atherosclerosis, venous thromboembolism, and pulmonary hypertension. Additional processes such as molecular mimicry and epigenetic reprogramming following TB infection provide biologic plausibility for long-term systemic effects extending well beyond pulmonary impairment.

Biomarkers, Multimarker Panels, and Risk Stratification

Single biomarkers inadequately capture the complex risk profile of COPD–TB overlap. Emerging evidence supports the use of multimarker panels integrating inflammatory markers, endothelial injury indicators, myocardial strain or fibrosis biomarkers, and coagulation factors. These panels offer incremental prognostic value beyond traditional clinical variables, potentially enabling earlier identification of patients at heightened cardiovascular risk and facilitating more precise, personalized management strategies.

Risk Prediction Models and Sleep-Disordered Breathing Considerations

While contemporary tools such as QRISK4 now include COPD as a cardiovascular risk factor, they do not explicitly account for prior TB or post-TB COPD phenotypes. This gap limits their accuracy in TB-endemic regions. Additionally, sleep-disordered breathing, which is prevalent in COPD and associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, remains underexplored in post-TB populations. Incorporating TB history and sleep-related variables into future prediction models could substantially improve risk estimation.

Clinical and Implementation Implications in Resource-Limited Settings

In resource-constrained environments, pragmatic approaches are essential. Integrated assessments combining clinical history, targeted biomarkers, spirometry with lung volumes, DLCO, six-minute walk testing, and focused imaging can guide individualized care. Prioritized access to positive airway pressure therapy, guideline-concordant pharmacotherapy, and task-shifting strategies are feasible adaptations. Ultimately, TB-aware cardiopulmonary risk models and implementation studies are urgently needed to translate mechanistic insights into equitable, real-world benefits.

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#COPD, #Tuberculosis, #PostTBLungDisease, #CardiovascularRisk, #ChronicInflammation, #EndothelialDysfunction, #PulmonaryHypertension, #VenousThromboembolism, #DLCO, #Biomarkers, #MultimarkerPanels, #RiskPrediction, #QRISK4, #SleepDisorderedBreathing, #GlobalHealth, #LowMiddleIncomeCountries, #IntegratedCare, #RespiratoryResearch, #CardioPulmonaryHealth, #TranslationalResearch,

Lactic Acid Bacteria Traditional Fermented Milk 🥛🦠| Natural Antimicrobial #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have gained significant attention in food microbiology due to their natural ability to enhance food safety and extend shelf life through biopreservation. These microorganisms synthesize a wide range of antimicrobial compounds, including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins, which effectively inhibit foodborne pathogens. Traditionally fermented milk represents a rich and diverse ecological niche for LAB, making it a valuable source for isolating strains with functional and technological importance. Investigating LAB from such traditional products not only supports sustainable food preservation strategies but also contributes to the development of safer and more natural alternatives to chemical preservatives in the dairy industry.

Isolation and Screening of LAB from Traditionally Fermented Milk

In this study, thirty-two traditionally fermented dairy samples were systematically analyzed to isolate LAB strains with potential antimicrobial activity. The isolates were subjected to initial screening using agar spot and well diffusion assays to evaluate their antagonistic effects against two major foodborne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032 and Staphylococcus aureus CECT 976. All isolated strains demonstrated noticeable inhibitory activity, confirming the antimicrobial richness of traditionally fermented milk. The strong suppression of pathogenic growth highlights the effectiveness of traditional fermentation practices in enriching functional microbial populations.

Antimicrobial Activity Against Foodborne Pathogens

The LAB isolates exhibited pronounced antimicrobial effects, with particularly strong inhibition observed against Listeria monocytogenes, a pathogen of major concern in dairy products. The consistent antagonistic behavior across all tested strains suggests the production of bioactive antimicrobial compounds that interfere with pathogen survival and proliferation. These findings reinforce the potential application of LAB as natural biopreservatives capable of enhancing food safety while reducing reliance on synthetic antimicrobial agents.

Molecular Identification and Taxonomic Characterization

Following phenotypic screening, five representative LAB isolates were selected for molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The analysis revealed that four isolates belonged to the genus Enterococcus, including one Enterococcus faecium and three Enterococcus durans, while one isolate was identified as a Lactococcus species. This taxonomic diversity reflects the complex microbial ecology of traditionally fermented milk and emphasizes the relevance of these genera in dairy fermentation and preservation processes.

Safety and Functional Assessment of Selected LAB Strains

A comprehensive evaluation of safety-related attributes and functional properties was conducted on the selected LAB strains. Importantly, none of the isolates exhibited proteolytic or lipolytic activities, which is a favorable characteristic for controlled dairy fermentation. Additionally, assessments of auto-aggregation and co-aggregation abilities indicated promising functional traits that may contribute to pathogen exclusion and microbial stability in food systems. These properties support the safe incorporation of these strains into food applications.

Technological Potential and Application in Dairy Biopreservation

The absence of undesirable enzymatic activities combined with strong antimicrobial performance underscores the technological suitability of the identified LAB strains for dairy fermentation and biopreservation. Their ability to inhibit major foodborne pathogens while maintaining desirable fermentation characteristics positions them as valuable candidates for developing natural starter cultures or protective adjuncts. Utilizing such LAB strains aligns with consumer demand for clean-label products and promotes the sustainable production of safer fermented dairy foods.

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#LacticAcidBacteria, #FoodBiopreservation, #FermentedMilk, #DairyMicrobiology, #FoodSafetyResearch, #AntimicrobialLAB, #ListeriaMonocytogenes, #StaphylococcusAureus, #NaturalPreservatives, #Enterococcus, #Lactococcus, #ProbioticResearch, #DairyFermentation, #MicrobialAntagonism, #Bacteriocins, #TraditionalFermentation, #FoodbornePathogens, #BioprotectiveCultures, #FunctionalMicrobes, #AppliedMicrobiology

Epidemiological Insights into Mupirocin Resistance 🦠 | #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major global public health concern, particularly due to its ability to cause severe and life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. The differentiation of MRSA into healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is clinically significant, as these categories differ in epidemiology, risk factors, virulence, and treatment strategies. Nasal colonization plays a key role in MRSA transmission, making surveillance essential. Mupirocin is widely used for nasal decolonization; however, the emergence of mupirocin resistance threatens its effectiveness. Additionally, biofilm formation enhances bacterial persistence and resistance, especially in healthcare settings, underscoring the importance of understanding its role in MRSA-related infections.

Epidemiology and Prevalence of MRSA

The prevalence of MRSA in the studied population was relatively low, with only 3.37% of nasal swab samples testing positive. Despite this low overall prevalence, HA-MRSA accounted for the majority of cases, indicating that hospitals remain a critical reservoir for MRSA transmission. The dominance of HA-MRSA highlights the continued burden of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and reflects the selective pressure exerted by prolonged hospitalization, antimicrobial exposure, and invasive medical interventions. Continuous epidemiological surveillance is therefore essential to monitor trends and guide infection control strategies.

Risk Factors Associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA

Distinct risk factor profiles were observed for HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA, reinforcing the importance of targeted preventive measures. HA-MRSA was predominantly associated with older age, prolonged hospital stay, ICU admission, indwelling medical devices, invasive procedures, prior antimicrobial therapy, and previous MRSA carriage. In contrast, CA-MRSA was more common among younger individuals and linked to crowded living conditions, sharing of personal items, skin injuries, and tattooing practices. Understanding these risk factors enables clinicians and public health professionals to implement tailored interventions for different populations.

Mupirocin Resistance among MRSA Strains

Mupirocin resistance was detected at a very low prevalence, suggesting that mupirocin remains largely effective for MRSA decolonization in the current setting. Nevertheless, even minimal resistance is clinically relevant, as it can compromise decolonization efforts and facilitate persistent colonization and transmission. Regular monitoring of mupirocin susceptibility is therefore crucial to ensure the continued success of nasal decolonization programs and to prevent the silent spread of resistant strains within healthcare facilities.

Biofilm Production and Its Clinical Significance

Biofilm formation was observed in all HA-MRSA isolates, while only a small proportion of CA-MRSA strains demonstrated this ability. Biofilms provide a protective environment that enhances bacterial survival, promotes antimicrobial resistance, and facilitates chronic infection, particularly in association with medical devices. The strong association between biofilm production and HA-MRSA suggests a direct link between biofilm-mediated virulence and healthcare-associated infections, emphasizing the need for strategies that target biofilm prevention and disruption.

Implications for Infection Prevention and Control

Although the prevalence of MRSA and mupirocin resistance is low, the predominance of biofilm-producing HA-MRSA strains represents a significant challenge for healthcare systems. Strict adherence to Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures, including hand hygiene, contact precautions, antimicrobial stewardship, and routine surveillance, is essential to limit MRSA transmission. Addressing biofilm-associated virulence and maintaining the effectiveness of decolonization agents like mupirocin are key priorities for reducing the burden of MRSA-related healthcare-associated infections.

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Hashtags

#MRSA, #HAMRSA, #CAMRSA, #MupirocinResistance, #BiofilmFormation, #HealthcareAssociatedInfections, #InfectionControl, #AntimicrobialResistance, #NasalColonization, #HospitalEpidemiology, #MicrobialVirulence, #IPCPractices, #ICUInfections, #IndwellingDevices, #AntibioticStewardship, #PublicHealthResearch, #ClinicalMicrobiology, #BacterialBiofilms, #MRSAResearch, #HealthcareSafety,

AI Models Predict Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases 🌍🦟Global Systematic Review #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Mosquito-borne viral diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever continue to pose a serious and expanding global public health challenge, driven by urbanization, climate change, population mobility, and vector adaptation. Traditional surveillance systems often struggle to provide timely and accurate early warnings, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as promising tools to enhance disease forecasting and outbreak preparedness. By integrating epidemiological, climatic, environmental, and socio-demographic data, AI/ML models aim to anticipate disease trends before health systems are overwhelmed, supporting proactive interventions rather than reactive responses.

Landscape of AI/ML Models in Arboviral Forecasting

The current research landscape reveals a rapidly growing body of studies applying diverse AI/ML approaches to forecast mosquito-borne viral diseases. These include tree-ensemble models (random forests, gradient boosting), classical machine learning algorithms (support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors), deep learning architectures (LSTM, CNN), and hybrid statistical–ML frameworks. Most studies focus on dengue, reflecting both its global burden and data availability. Forecasting targets range from incidence prediction and outbreak classification to temporal trend estimation across varying spatial (city to national) and temporal (weekly to annual) scales, highlighting substantial methodological diversity.

Comparative Predictive Performance Across Model Families

Comparative evidence indicates that tree-ensemble models consistently achieve strong predictive performance, particularly in short-term classification tasks, often exceeding accuracy thresholds of 0.85. Their robustness to nonlinearity, variable interactions, and noisy data likely explains this consistency. In contrast, classical ML and deep learning models demonstrate wider performance variability, with outcomes highly dependent on data volume, feature engineering, and tuning strategies. For regression-based forecasts, predictive errors tend to escalate as temporal horizons lengthen and spatial aggregation increases, underscoring inherent challenges in long-range, large-scale disease prediction.

Impact of Spatial and Temporal Scale on Forecast Reliability

Spatial and temporal resolution emerges as a critical determinant of forecasting reliability. Fine-scale, short-term models—such as weekly city-level predictions—generally yield lower absolute errors and more stable performance, making them better suited for operational decision-making. Conversely, national-level or long-horizon forecasts often suffer from inflated errors and instability, reflecting compounded uncertainties in climate drivers, human behavior, and reporting practices. These findings suggest that AI/ML models are currently most effective when tailored to localized, near-term public health questions.

Methodological Quality, Bias, and Validation Gaps

Assessment using PROBAST reveals that a majority of published studies carry a high risk of bias, frequently due to limited sample sizes, inadequate handling of missing data, lack of transparent reporting, and insufficient external validation. Only a minority of models undergo rigorous testing beyond their development datasets, raising concerns about generalizability and real-world applicability. This methodological fragility limits confidence in reported performance metrics and highlights the need for standardized reporting, open data practices, and independent validation across diverse epidemiological settings.

Operational Readiness and Future Research Priorities

Despite encouraging performance in controlled research settings, most AI/ML forecasting models for mosquito-borne viral diseases remain far from routine operational deployment. Bridging this gap requires three key research priorities: standardized performance reporting to enable meaningful comparisons, robust external and prospective validation to ensure generalizability, and context-specific calibration aligned with local surveillance systems and decision-making needs. Advancing these priorities will be essential for translating AI/ML innovations into reliable early-warning tools that can meaningfully strengthen global responses to mosquito-borne viral threats.

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#MosquitoBorneDiseases, #ArtificialIntelligence, #MachineLearning, #DiseaseForecasting, #DengueResearch, #PublicHealthResearch, #Epidemiology, #AIinHealthcare, #PredictiveModeling, #GlobalHealth, #Arboviruses, #EarlyWarningSystems, #HealthDataScience, #ClimateAndHealth, #VectorBorneDiseases, #ResearchReview, #PRISMA, #PROBAST, #OutbreakPrediction, #HealthSystems,

Oral Immunotherapy and Antibody Shifts in Food Allergy | IgE, IgG & IgA #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Food allergy represents a rapidly increasing global health burden, affecting both children and adults and significantly impairing quality of life. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has gained considerable attention as an active treatment strategy aimed at increasing the threshold of allergen tolerance and reducing the risk of severe allergic reactions. Central to the success of OIT are immunological adaptations within the humoral immune system, particularly shifts in allergen-specific immunoglobulins. Understanding how IgE, IgG (especially IgG4), and IgA responses evolve during OIT is essential for elucidating mechanisms of desensitization and long-term tolerance, and for optimizing therapeutic protocols.

Modulation of Allergen-Specific IgE During OIT

Allergen-specific IgE is the primary mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in food allergy. Longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate that OIT initially induces a transient rise in allergen-specific IgE, likely reflecting early immune activation upon controlled allergen exposure. Over time, continued therapy is associated with a gradual decline in IgE levels or reduced functional activity, paralleling clinical desensitization. These findings suggest that while IgE remains an important marker of allergic status, its dynamic changes during OIT reflect immune adaptation rather than treatment failure.

Induction and Functional Role of IgG4 as Blocking Antibodies

One of the most reproducible immunological signatures of successful OIT is a robust increase in allergen-specific IgG4. IgG4 antibodies are proposed to act as “blocking antibodies” by competing with IgE for allergen binding, thereby preventing mast cell and basophil activation. The sustained elevation of IgG4 levels has been strongly correlated with clinical desensitization and improved safety during allergen exposure. These observations highlight IgG4 as a key biomarker of OIT efficacy and a potential mechanistic driver of immune tolerance.

IgA Responses and Mucosal Immune Tolerance

Emerging evidence indicates that OIT may also enhance allergen-specific IgA responses, particularly secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces. IgA plays a crucial role in immune exclusion by limiting allergen penetration across the intestinal epithelium and promoting non-inflammatory immune responses. Increased IgA during OIT suggests reinforcement of mucosal barrier immunity and supports the concept that tolerance induction is not limited to systemic immunity but also involves localized mucosal mechanisms.

Temporal Dynamics of Humoral Immune Shifts in OIT

The immunoglobulin changes observed during OIT follow a distinct temporal pattern, characterized by early immune activation and later regulatory dominance. Initial increases in IgE are followed by progressive rises in IgG4 and, in some cases, IgA, reflecting immune deviation away from allergic pathways. Understanding these kinetics is critical for interpreting immunological monitoring data and for identifying optimal treatment durations that maximize desensitization while minimizing adverse reactions.

Clinical and Research Implications of Immunoglobulin Monitoring

The dynamic modulation of IgE, IgG4, and IgA during OIT underscores the value of humoral biomarkers in both clinical practice and research. Regular monitoring of these immunoglobulins may help predict treatment outcomes, stratify patients based on responsiveness, and guide personalized OIT protocols. Future research integrating immunoglobulin profiling with cellular and molecular immune markers will be essential to refine OIT strategies and advance precision medicine in food allergy management.

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#FoodAllergy, #OralImmunotherapy, #OITResearch, #IgE, #IgG4, #IgA, #HumoralImmunity, #AllergenDesensitization, #ImmuneTolerance, #MucosalImmunity, #BlockingAntibodies, #ClinicalImmunology, #AllergyResearch, #Immunoglobulins, #TranslationalResearch, #PrecisionMedicine, #PediatricAllergy, #ImmuneMechanisms, #AllergyTreatment, #Immunotherapy

Resistance to Lefamulin Explained: Insights from In Vitro Antimicrobial 🔬🦠 #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

Lefamulin represents a significant advancement in antimicrobial therapy as a first-in-class pleuromutilin antibiotic approved by both the FDA and EMA for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). With rising global antimicrobial resistance and limitations associated with existing first-line agents, the development of novel antibiotics targeting respiratory pathogens is a critical research priority. Lefamulin’s unique mechanism of action, targeting the peptidyl transferase center of the bacterial ribosome, reduces cross-resistance with other antibiotic classes and positions it as a promising alternative in modern pneumonia management.

Methodological Approach to Evidence Synthesis

This review employed a comprehensive and systematic literature search across five major biomedical databases—Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PubMed Central—covering studies from inception to October 14, 2025. By applying standardized resistance breakpoints from CLSI and EUCAST, the analysis ensured methodological rigor and comparability across studies. Out of 224 identified articles, only 11 met strict inclusion criteria, underscoring both the selectivity of the review and the need for further primary research on lefamulin susceptibility patterns.

Activity Against Core CABP Pathogens

The in vitro susceptibility data demonstrated consistently low resistance rates among the most prevalent CABP pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus showed resistance ranges of 0–2.6%, 0–2.4%, and 0–4.3%, respectively. These findings highlight lefamulin’s robust antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative respiratory pathogens, supporting its role as a reliable option in empiric and targeted CABP therapy.

Performance Against Resistant Phenotypes

A key research focus was lefamulin’s efficacy against organisms with established resistance mechanisms. Notably, β-lactamase–producing H. influenzae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exhibited resistance rates below 2.4% and 3.4%, respectively. This suggests that lefamulin retains activity where traditional agents may fail, making it particularly valuable in settings with high resistance prevalence or in patients with prior antibiotic exposure.

MIC Profiles in Pathogens Lacking Breakpoints

For several clinically relevant organisms lacking established CLSI or EUCAST breakpoints—such as Moraxella catarrhalis, atypical pathogens, and various Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Haemophilus species—MIC90 values were generally low, indicating favorable in vitro potency. However, Enterococcus spp. emerged as an exception, with MIC90 values ranging widely from 0.25 to >16 mg/L across two studies, highlighting interspecies variability and the need for further pharmacodynamic and clinical outcome research.

Clinical and Research Implications

Overall, lefamulin demonstrated broad-spectrum in vitro activity against key CABP pathogens, reinforcing its value as an alternative therapeutic option, especially for patients with allergies, intolerance, or failure of first-line treatments. From a research perspective, these findings support continued surveillance, expanded clinical trials, and real-world effectiveness studies to better define lefamulin’s role in pneumonia treatment algorithms and antimicrobial stewardship strategies.

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#Lefamulin, #PleuromutilinAntibiotic, #CommunityAcquiredPneumonia, #CABPResearch, #AntimicrobialResistance, #InVitroSusceptibility, #NovelAntibiotics, #RespiratoryInfections, #FDAApproval, #EMAApproval, #CLSI, #EUCAST, #MRSA, #StreptococcusPneumoniae, #HaemophilusInfluenzae, #StaphylococcusAureus, #MIC90, #AntibioticStewardship, #ClinicalMicrobiology, #InfectiousDiseaseResearch,

Hydrological Seasonality and DOM–Bacteria Interactions Rushan River Basin #pencis #researchawards

Introduction

River ecosystems are dynamic interfaces where hydrology, biogeochemistry, and microbial ecology intersect to regulate water quality and carbon cycling. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a central role in these processes by acting as both an energy source and a regulatory factor for microbial communities. Seasonal hydrological variation, particularly the alternation between dry and wet periods, strongly influences DOM composition, sources, and bioavailability. Understanding how hydrological seasonality controls DOM–microbe interactions is therefore essential for predicting ecosystem responses to climate variability and for developing adaptive river basin management strategies.

Seasonal Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter

Hydrological seasonality drives pronounced shifts in DOM quantity and quality within the Rushan River Basin. During the dry season, reduced runoff and longer water residence times favor in situ microbial processing and phytoplankton production, resulting in DOM dominated by protein-like components, particularly tyrosine-like substances. In contrast, the wet season introduces strong allochthonous inputs through rainfall and surface runoff, increasing the contribution of terrestrial-derived humic and fulvic acids alongside tryptophan-like components. These seasonal contrasts highlight the sensitivity of riverine DOM composition to hydrological forcing.

PARAFAC-Based Characterization of DOM Components

The application of 3D excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC analysis enabled the resolution of distinct fluorescent DOM components across seasons. Six components were identified in both dry and wet periods, but with contrasting distributions of protein-like and humic-like substances. Dry-season DOM was characterized by a higher proportion of labile, microbially derived compounds, whereas wet-season DOM exhibited a more balanced mixture of labile and refractory components. This analytical framework provides mechanistic insight into DOM sources and transformation pathways under varying hydrological conditions.

Microbial Community Structure and Seasonal Assembly

Microbial community composition in the Rushan River displayed clear seasonal patterns linked to hydrological regimes and DOM characteristics. Wet-season communities showed higher α-diversity and were dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, taxa often associated with versatile metabolic capabilities and the processing of diverse organic substrates. In contrast, dry-season communities were enriched in Bacteroidota and Verrucomicrobiota, groups known for degrading protein-rich and algal-derived organic matter. These shifts suggest that microbial assembly is tightly coupled to seasonal changes in DOM availability and composition.

DOM–Microbe Interactions Revealed by Structural Equation Modeling

Structural equation modeling (SEM) provided a semi-quantitative assessment of the pathways linking hydrology, DOM components, and microbial communities. The model indicated that microorganisms play a dual regulatory role by preferentially consuming unstable protein-like DOM while simultaneously promoting humification processes that increase DOM stability. This interaction is modulated by seasonal hydrology, with wet-season conditions enhancing external DOM inputs and dry-season conditions favoring internal microbial transformation. SEM thus clarifies the indirect and direct controls governing DOM fate in river ecosystems.

Implications for River Management and Carbon Cycling

The synergistic regulation of DOM and microbial communities by hydrological seasonality has important implications for water quality management and carbon cycling assessments. Seasonal shifts in DOM composition influence microbial metabolism, nutrient dynamics, and the persistence of organic carbon in river systems. Recognizing these patterns can support the development of season-specific management strategies aimed at mitigating pollution, maintaining ecological integrity, and improving predictions of carbon fluxes under changing climate and hydrological regimes.

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#HydrologicalSeasonality, #DissolvedOrganicMatter, #DOMMicrobeInteractions, #RiverEcosystems, #3DEEMs, #PARAFACAnalysis, #MicrobialEcology, #16SrRNASequencing, #SeasonalDynamics, #Biogeochemistry, #CarbonCycling, #WaterQualityManagement, #FreshwaterMicrobiology, #HumicSubstances, #ProteinLikeDOM, #StructuralEquationModeling, #AquaticEcosystems, #EnvironmentalResearch, #RiverBasinStudies, #ClimateHydrology