10 Signs Of Tuberculosis (TB) In Babies, Causes & Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1). Tuberculosis in babies, similar to adults, primarily affects the lungs and is termed pediatric tuberculosis (for all children aged 15 years and below). However, babies and young children are highly prone to acquire life-threatening types of tuberculosis and other respiratory infections.

How Common Is Tuberculosis In Babies?

The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased in developed countries over the last few years.

The graph below shares the age distribution of individuals impacted by TB disease based on the CDC’s data collected between 1993 and 2020. According to the findings, the prevalence of TB across all age groups is declining. As of 2020, TB’s prevalence between children aged 0 and 4 years is 0.9 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Treatment For TB In Infants

Curing the patient and limiting the spread of the infection in the community are the main goals of tuberculosis treatment.

The doctor might give your baby a combination of the following drugs (6).Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampicin (RIF)
Pyrazinamide (PZA)
Rifabutin
Ethambutol

Isoniazid and rifampicin are usually the first choices of antibiotic therapy drugs.

All these medicines reduce the bacterial load by killing the bacteria, thereby stopping the progression of the disease and its transmission to other people.

The doctors usually prescribe these medicines for six to nine months for the effective eradication of the bacteria. The WHO also recommends the directly observed therapy short-course treatment (DOTS) strategy for the management of TB. It is essential to complete the entire course of medicine to avoid relapse of the disease. The doctor might prescribe medicines for latent infections as well to prevent further health problems such as bacterial meningitis.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Tips for staying healthy (and what to do if you get sick)

Ways to stay healthy

1. Get vaccinated

Vaccines can help your body’s immune system recognize and defend against a variety of viruses before you get infected. They can also reduce the severity of your symptoms if you end up falling ill.

Here are two vaccines to consider getting this year. Flu: Students have a couple options to get a flu shot this semester. They can get a free flu shot at one of the flu shot clinics around campus—no appointment necessary. Students can also visit Wardenburg Monday through Friday from 9-11 a.m. Appointments are encouraged, but walk-ins can be accommodated depending on availability.
COVID: Updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines are available this year at Medical Services. Visit the Medical Services website for more information.

 
2. Avoid the spread

Practicing good infection-prevention habits can help reduce your exposure to germs and viruses and prevent the spread of illnesses.

Here are some ways you can help yourself and others. Wash your hands regularly, especially before eating, after using the restroom and after class. Be sure to use soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds or use hand sanitizer.
Remind your friends, roommates and peers to cover their coughs and sneezes, even if it’s just seasonal allergies.
Wipe down commonly used surfaces in your home or residence hall, including door handles, toilets, faucets, remotes and other areas you and your roommates touch regularly.
Avoid sharing personal products and utensils with others. This includes things like lip balm, food, beverages, vapes and other products. You may also choose to wear a mask to reduce your exposure to respiratory illnesses.

 
3. Take care of yourself

Did you know that your immune system can be impacted by the things you do every day?

Here are a few ways to take care of yourself this season. Sleep: Getting seven to nine hours of sleep each night can help strengthen your body and immune system against illnesses. Try creating a routine where you wake up and go to bed at the same time each night to ensure you get enough sleep.
Eating habits: Eating a variety of foods regularly can help you maintain your energy and ward off viral and bacterial infections. Try adding vitamin-dense fruits and vegetables to each of your meals.
Hydration: Staying hydrated can help loosen mucus and increase blood flow. Carrying a refillable water bottle and using water stations around campus is a great way to ensure you stay hydrated throughout the day.
Physical activity: Staying physically active can help your body build resilience against infectious diseases. Strive for at least 30 minutes of activity each day. This can include everything from walks across campus and trips to The Rec to playing yard games outside with friends.
Stress: Taking time to relax and manage stress is important to keep your immune system running at full capacity. When we feel overwhelmed it can impact how we take care of ourselves and decrease our ability to fight off infections.

 
What to do if you get sick

1. Stay home

Here are some more things you can do to prevent the spread of illnesses: Disinfect surfaces in your home, especially if you live with more people.
Cough and sneeze into your sleeve, elbow or a tissue.
Increase ventilation by opening windows.
Avoid sharing utensils or personal items with roommates or friends.
Wash your hands regularly.
Wear a mask if you’re worried about respiratory illnesses.

 
2. Inform your instructors and supervisors

If you’re going to miss class or work due to an illness, give your instructors and/or supervisors a heads up.

Reach out to your instructors directly to explain your situation and let them know you cannot attend class. You should email them any assignments that are due and let them know you will make up any missed coursework. If you think you may be absent for longer, you should communicate that with them and ask them to discuss a plan to keep up in class.

If you need help navigating class requirements while you’re ill, Student Support and Case Management can help you come up with a plan and connect with campus resources.

 
3. Monitor your symptoms

Many illnesses share symptoms, and it can be hard to tell exactly what you have, especially in the early days of an infection. For instance, coughing and headaches are common among many illnesses, including flu, cold and COVID. Testing for COVID can help you narrow down the list of possible illnesses. At-home test kits are available over the counter at the Apothecary Pharmacy and at most local pharmacies.

While you’re sick, be sure to monitor your symptoms. Most illnesses can be managed at home with basic remedies.

Here are a few at-home remedies to try. Drink plenty of fluids like water or tea.
If you are dehydrated, opt for electrolyte beverages like Gatorade or Pedialyte.
Get extra rest to help your body recover.
Use cough drops, gargle with saltwater or try honey sticks to relieve a sore throat.
Use over-the-counter medications to help manage symptoms like nausea or diarrhea.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Q fever

Q fever

Signs and Symptoms

The following symptoms are commonly seen in patients with acute Q fever. However, it is important to note that the combination of signs and symptoms vary from person to person. Some patients may not have any symptoms following infection.Fever
Fatigue
Headache
Malaise
Myalgia
Chills or sweats
Cough
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Chest pain

Clinical assessment

Q fever is challenging for healthcare providers to diagnose and treat. The symptoms are non-specific and there is variability of presentation from patient to patient, making it difficult to distinguish from other diseases. Serology will frequently be negative in the first 2 weeks of illness. As serology is expected to be negative early in the illness course, treatment should be initiated based on clinical suspicion rather than waiting for the results of confirmatory serologic testing. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can rapidly confirm an acute Q fever infection. Samples are ideally taken during the first 2 weeks of illness and before or shortly following doxycycline administration. In the first 2 weeks of illness it is recommended to use serologic tests in combination with PCR of whole blood or serum. Treatment should be initiated as soon as Q fever is suspected and should not be withheld pending diagnostic test results.

Complications

Most people with acute Q fever infection recover completely; however, some may experience serious illness with pneumonia, granulomatous hepatitis, myocarditis, or central nervous system complications.

Pregnant people who are infected (even without clinical illness) may be at risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term delivery, or low infant birth weight.

Chronic Q fever occurs in <5% of patients infected with Coxiella burnetii. It may present within weeks after an acute infection or may manifest many years later. Anyone who was infected with Coxiella burnetii is at risk for developing chronic Q fever; however, people with a history of valvular heart defects, arterial aneurysms, or vascular grafts are at increased risk. People infected by Coxiella burnetii during pregnancy and those with immunosuppression are also at increased risk of developing chronic Q fever.

Endocarditis is the most commonly identified manifestation of chronic Q fever and is fatal if untreated. Patients with endocarditis require long-term antibiotic treatment (at least 18 months) for a successful outcome. Other forms of chronic Q fever include infections of bone, liver, vascular aneurysms, or reproductive organs.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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COVID vaccines saved 20M lives in 1st year, scientists say

COVID vaccines saved 20M lives in 1st year, scientists say

Nearly 20 million lives were saved by COVID-19 vaccines during their first year, but even more deaths could have been prevented if international targets for the shots had been reached, researchers reported Thursday.

On Dec. 8, 2020, a retired shop clerk in England received the first shot in what would become a global vaccination campaign. Over the next 12 months, more than 4.3 billion people around the world lined up for the vaccines.

The effort, though marred by persisting inequities, prevented deaths on an unimaginable scale, said Oliver Watson of Imperial College London, who led the new modeling study.

“Catastrophic would be the first word that comes to mind,” Watson said of the outcome if vaccines hadn’t been available to fight the coronavirus. The findings “quantify just how much worse the pandemic could have been if we did not have these vaccines.”

The researchers used data from 185 countries to estimate that vaccines prevented 4.2 million COVID-19 deaths in India, 1.9 million in the United States, 1 million in Brazil, 631,000 in France and 507,000 in the United Kingdom.

An additional 600,000 deaths would have been prevented if the World Health Organization target of 40% vaccination coverage by the end of 2021 had been met, according to the study published Thursday in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The main finding — 19.8 million COVID-19 deaths were prevented — is based on estimates of how many more deaths than usual occurred during the time period. Using only reported COVID-19 deaths, the same model yielded 14.4 million deaths averted by vaccines.

The London scientists excluded China because of uncertainty around the pandemic’s effect on deaths there and its huge population.

The study has other limitations. The researchers did not include how the virus might have mutated differently in the absence of vaccines. And they did not factor in how lockdowns or mask wearing might have changed if vaccines weren’t available.


Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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