Overview
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that happens when the body’s immune system has an extreme response to an infection, causing organ dysfunction (4). The body’s reaction causes damage to its own tissues and organs and it can lead to shock, multiple organ failure and sometimes death, especially if not recognized early and treated promptly.
Sepsis can affect anyone, but people who are older, very young, pregnant or have other health problems are at higher risk.
Who is at risk?
Anyone affected by an infection, severe injury, or serious non-communicable disease can progress to sepsis but vulnerable populations are at higher risk (6,7) including:older persons
pregnant or recently pregnant women
neonates
hospitalized patients
patients in intensive care units
people with weakened immune systems (for example HIV, cancer)
people with chronic medical conditions (for example kidney disease, cirrhosis).
Signs and symptoms
Sepsis is a medical emergency. It can cause different signs and symptoms at different times. People who think they may have sepsis should seek medical care right away.
Common signs and symptoms include:
fever or low temperature and shivering
confusion
difficulty breathing
clammy and sweaty skin
extreme body pain or discomfort
high heart rate, weak pulse or low blood pressure
low urine output.
Symptoms in children include:
confusion
difficulty breathing
clammy and sweaty skin
extreme body pain or discomfort
high heart rate, weak pulse or low blood pressure
low urine output.
Symptoms in children include:
fast breathing
convulsions
pale skin
lethargy
difficulty waking up
feeling cold to the touch.
In children under 5 years old, it can cause difficulty feeding, frequent vomiting or lack of urination.
Prevention
Sepsis can be prevented by treating infections early and through good hygiene at home and in healthcare settings.
The best way to reduce the risk of sepsis is to avoid infections. Steps include:good personal hygiene, like washing hands and preparing food safely
avoiding unclean water or unsanitary toilets
getting vaccines recommended by local health officials
eating a healthy diet
breastfeeding for newborns.
Hospitals and clinics should follow effective rules for infection prevention and control. Antibiotics should be used appropriately to treat infections.
Sepsis is always a serious condition but people living with HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious diseases are at higher risk.
convulsions
pale skin
lethargy
difficulty waking up
feeling cold to the touch.
In children under 5 years old, it can cause difficulty feeding, frequent vomiting or lack of urination.
Prevention
Sepsis can be prevented by treating infections early and through good hygiene at home and in healthcare settings.
The best way to reduce the risk of sepsis is to avoid infections. Steps include:good personal hygiene, like washing hands and preparing food safely
avoiding unclean water or unsanitary toilets
getting vaccines recommended by local health officials
eating a healthy diet
breastfeeding for newborns.
Hospitals and clinics should follow effective rules for infection prevention and control. Antibiotics should be used appropriately to treat infections.
Sepsis is always a serious condition but people living with HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious diseases are at higher risk.
Treatment
Treatment for sepsis is most effective when started early.
Health workers watch for concerning signs and use tests to diagnose sepsis. They will then work to find the source of the infection. Early use of antimicrobials to treat bacteria, parasites, fungus or viruses is essential to improve outcomes from sepsis.
Low blood pressure is treated by intravenous fluids and sometimes medicines called vasopressors, which can increase blood pressure.
Antibiotic resistance can make treatment more difficult.
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