Study: Half of patients with sepsis die within 2 years

Half of people who develop blood poisoning, otherwise known as sepsis, are dead within a couple of years, a new study finds. Photo by Adobe Stock/HealthDay News


Half of people who develop blood poisoning, otherwise known as sepsis, are dead within a couple of years, a new study finds.

A little more than 50% of patients admitted to an ER with sepsis died within two years, Danish researchers report.

"We found that certain factors increased the risk of death after sepsis, including, not surprisingly, advanced age," said Finn Nielsen, a senior scientist of clinical epidemiology at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark.

"Additionally, conditions such as dementia, heart disease, cancer and previous hospitalization with sepsis within the last six months before admission also elevated the risk of dying during a median follow-up period of two years," Nielsen added in a hospital news release.

Old age increased a person's risk of sepsis by 4% for every additional year of age, researchers found.

Further, a history of cancer more than doubled a person's risk of death, clogged arteries increased risk by 39%, and dementia increased risk by 90%, results show.

People with repeated bouts of sepsis also were 48% more likely to die, based on data from hospital patients previously admitted with sepsis within the past six months.

"We believe this knowledge is useful for both clinicians and researchers in the field of acute medicine," Nielsen said. "Recognizing that sepsis is a serious illness with high mortality is crucial."

However, larger studies are needed, given that this research was done at a single hospital, Nielsen noted.

"Similar but larger studies of sepsis-related outcomes need to be repeated across departments, regions and countries to obtain a comprehensive epidemiological picture of sepsis," Nielsen said.

Neilsen presented these findings at the European Society for Emergency Medicine's annual meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark.

"Sepsis is a serious and potentially fatal medical condition. The incidence of sepsis is increasing in several countries, yet so far, there has been limited, reliable information about long-term outcomes for patients who develop sepsis," Dr. Barbra Backus, chair of the society's abstract selection, said in a meeting news release.

"This study has shown certain risk factors that should alert clinicians to the risk of patients with sepsis at an increased risk of dying, so that they can monitor them and follow them up more closely," added Backus, an emergency physician in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who was not involved in the research.

Findings presented at a medical meeting should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed article.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Surge in malaria cases linked to aircraft-transported mosquitoes

Malaria

Malaria cases resulting from bites of mosquitoes transported by aircraft from areas where is common have increased, according to both a retrospective analysis in France and a systematic review of studies in Europe, which have been published in Eurosurveillance.

After malaria was eradicated in western Europe in the 1970s, most cases in the EU/EEA have been reported among travellers returning from countries where malaria is established. Of the 6,131 cases reported in the EU/EEA in 2022, 99% were travel related.

Locally-acquired infections are reported sporadically every year in western Europe. 

These include introduced infections, which are transmitted by a local mosquito after it has bitten an infected returning traveller carrying plasmodia in their blood; induced cases, which are related to other means of transmission such as a healthcare-associated infection or mother-to-child transmission; and Odyssean malaria, which refers to cases resulting from the bite of an infected mosquito transported by aircraft, luggage or parcel from an endemic area.
Findings of systematic review of studies in Europe

The systematic review analysed studies in Europe indexed from 1969 to January 2024 in the MEDLINE, Embase and OpenGrey databases. Numbers were supplemented by a data call to EU/EEA and UK public health authorities launched in 2022.

Of the 145 cases described from nine countries, 105 were classified as airport malaria, 32 as luggage malaria, and eight as either type of malaria. Most cases were reported in France, Belgium, and Germany, and half resided or worked near or at an international airport. Case reports of airport and luggage malaria were found to be rising, with one third of cases reported over the last five years, even as air traffic declined during the COVID-19 pandemic.

People infected with malaria had a mean age of 37.9 years and were more likely to be male than female, at a ratio of 1.5:1. For the cases with a known outcome, 124 recovered and nine died. Patients that died were older on average, with a mean age of 57.2 years. Forty eight of 145 cases were epidemiologically linked to at least one other case.

Locally-acquired malaria over nearly three decades in France

Similar trends were observed in a retrospective analysis of surveillance and case investigation data in France on locally acquired malaria from 1995 to 2022. Cases were classified by the most likely mode of transmission, using a classification derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). A descriptive analysis was also conducted to identify spatial and temporal patterns of cases.

Researchers found a total of 117 locally acquired malaria cases reported in European France. They also found that locally acquired infections remained constant overall, with more Odyssean cases being reported since 2011. Fifty one of the 117 cases identified were categorised as Odyssean, 36 as induced, 27 as cryptic (where the investigation was inconclusive), and three as introduced.

Most cases were among males with a median age of 34.5 years. Half of patients were born in an country in Africa where malaria is common, and the other half were born in France. More than half of cases were reported in the region Île-de-France. 102 were admitted to hospital, and seven patients died. Among patients with locally-acquired malaria, severe cases and death was more frequent than in imported cases.

Public health implications

To tackle the risk of Odyssean malaria, researchers of the retrospective analysis in France advised the strict enforcement of disinsectisation of aircrafts. To improve treatment, they also recommended that physicians consider the possibility of locally-acquired malaria for patients with an unexplained fever early, even if there is no travel history.

Authors of the systematic review highlighted the need for more structured surveillance of malaria cases in Europe, including a standardised case definition. They also recommended the implementation of prevention measures and to assess the effectiveness and compliance for measures currently in place.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Blood Poisoning

Blood Poisoning


What is blood poisoning?

Blood poisoning (sepsis) has nothing to do with poison. Instead, it’s primary cause is the presence of germs, which enter your bloodstream from an infection elsewhere in your body. This can happen through wounds, burns, cuts, and scrapes. Bacteria can come from something as simple as a sinus infection. Although blood poisoning is often a result of a bacterial infection, even a COVID-19 viral infection can lead to sepsis as well as influenza and fungal infections. Any of these situations can lead to blood poisoning.

Untreated infection in the bloodstream can trigger sepsis. Sepsis is the body’s life-threatening response to a bacterial infection and is often a medical emergency. Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Bacterial infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lung, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. Without timely treatment, sepsis can rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death.

Both blood poisoning requires immediate treatment. This is to prevent sepsis from infecting major organs, like the lungs, kidneys, and heart. Sepsis is unpredictable, aggressive, and progresses rapidly.

Anyone can get blood poisoning, but the risk is higher for:

Infants and young children (especially under 1 year of age)
Older people (65 years of age or older)
People who have a weakened immune system
People who have chronic medical conditions, including diabetes, cancer, and AIDS
People who have just had surgery
Symptoms of blood poisoning

The symptoms of blood poisoning are similar to symptoms of a cold or the flu and may include:

Chills, shivering
Sudden fever (moderate to high temperature)
Fast heartbeat
Rapid breathing
Heart palpitations (heart skips a beat or seems to flutter)
Low energy (more in children)
Irritability (more in children)

Additional symptoms that indicate sepsis, include:

Confusion or disorientation
Extreme pain or discomfort
Shortness of breath
Clammy or sweaty skin

If you recently had surgery or a wound that could be infected, take these symptoms seriously. They could signal blood poisoning. If you have any of these symptoms, call your doctor right away.

What causes blood poisoning?

Blood poisoning is most often caused by a bacterial infection entering your bloodstream. However, it also can be cause by some viral infections, such as COVID-19, influenza, and fungal infections. Bacteria can enter your bloodstream in multiple ways, including daily activities, such as brushing your teeth too vigorously. A simple dental cleaning can cause bacteria to enter your bloodstream. This is true if you have certain risk factors. Risk factors include prior knee or hip replacement. It’s difficult for your body to clear bacteria around prosthetic devices. In dental visits, your dentist will have you take antibiotics before your appointment to prevent infection. Bacteria can enter your bloodstream through a scraped knee or other wound. Urinary tract infections are a common source of blood poisoning. Even a sinus infection can cause bacteria to enter your bloodstream.

Your immune system will eliminate small amounts of germs. When this doesn’t happen, it can cause blood poisoning. Too many germs can enter your bloodstream at once. Your immune system can’t keep up. This causes blood poisoning.

How is blood poisoning diagnosed?

Blood poisoning is diagnosed by examining a blood sample to find bacteria in the blood. Also, doctors check the number of white blood cells in the sample. If you suspect you have blood poisoning, call your doctor right away. Your doctor will examine you and order blood tests, if necessary.

If bacteria are in your blood, your doctor will identify the type of bacteria. If you have a cut or other wound on your body, your doctor may swab that area to collect bacteria.

Can blood poisoning be prevented or avoided?

To lower your risk of blood poisoning:Take care of cuts and open wounds. Don’t let them become infected. Keep them clean. Treat them with antiseptic medicine or as directed by your doctor.
Get flu and pneumonia vaccines.
Don’t ignore a toothache. A tooth infection can cause blood poisoning. See your dentist before it becomes a bigger problem.
See your doctor for sinus and ear infections.
Be aware that infection can occur following surgery or a medical treatment.

Blood poisoning treatment

The treatment of blood poisoning often involves admission to a hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU) for those who are very sick. This is so that your doctor can give you antibiotics and other medicines intravenously and closely monitor your organ systems. Fast treatment is important. Blood poisoning can become a more serious case of sepsis. Sepsis is life-threatening. It damages vital organs. When blood poisoning is caught early and doesn’t do any serious damage, you can then be switched to oral antibiotics that you can take at home. These are usually in pill form.

Living with blood poisoning

Many people fully recover from blood poisoning. However, untreated blood poisoning or catching it too late can worsen is serious sepsis. When you have sepsis, damage to major organs may be irreversible. For example, kidney damage could lead to lifelong dialysis. Once you have had blood poisoning, you’re at higher risk for developing infections in the future.


Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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HAIs: Reports and Data

HAIs: Reports and Data

Key points

1. Although significant progress has been made in preventing some healthcare-associated infection types, there is much more work to be done.
2. CDC publishes data reports to help track progress and target areas that need assistance.

3. The data come from two complementary HAI surveillance systems, the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and the Emerging Infections Program Healthcare-Associated Infections – Community Interface (EIP HAIC).



From the National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report

1. At the national level, among acute care hospitals there were significant decreases observed for VAE (19%), MRSA (16%), CAUTI (12%), CLABSI (9%) and CDI (3%) between 2021 and 2022. No significant changes were observed for SSI-COLO and SSI-HYST between 2021 and 2022.
2. Highlights of 2022 state performance compared to the 2015 national baseline SIR of 1 from acute care hospitals:50 states performed better on at least two infection types
8 states performed worse on at least two infection types

From the HAI Hospital Prevalence Survey

1. On any given day, about 1 in 31 hospital patients has at least one healthcare-associated infection. Patients in the 2015 HAI Hospital Prevalence survey were at least 16% less likely than patients in the 2011 survey to have an HAI.3% of hospitalized patients in the 2015 survey had one or more HAI.
2. There were an estimated 687,000 HAIs in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2015. About 72,000 hospital patients with HAIs died during their hospitalizations.

Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal

The Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal (AR&PSP) is an interactive web-based application that was created to innovatively display data collected through CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and other sources. It offers enhanced data visualizations through 4 main components:

1. Antibiotic  Resistance– with data from NHSN and the AR Lab Network

2. Antibiotic Use and Stewardship – with data from NHSN (Antibiotic Stewardship) and Xponent database from Quintiles IMS (Antibiotic Use)
3. Healthcare-Associated Infections – data display for the National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report
4. Geographic Location – for the nation and a state, view HAI data, AR data, and Antibiotic Stewardship data together on one page




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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis


Overview

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit.

Tuberculosis is preventable and curable.

About a quarter of the global population is estimated to have been infected with TB bacteria. About 5–10% of people infected with TB will eventually get symptoms and develop TB disease.

Those who are infected but not (yet) ill with the disease cannot transmit it. TB disease is usually treated with antibiotics and can be fatal without treatment.

In certain countries, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to babies or small children to prevent TB. The vaccine prevents TB outside of the lungs but not in the lungs.

Symptoms

People with latent TB infection don’t feel sick and aren’t contagious. Only a small proportion of people who get infected with TB will get TB disease and symptoms. Babies and children are at higher risk.


Certain conditions can increase a person’s risk for tuberculosis disease:diabetes (high blood sugar)
weakened immune system (for example, HIV or AIDS)
being malnourished
tobacco use.


Unlike TB infection, when a person gets TB disease, they will have symptoms. These may be mild for many months, so it is easy to spread TB to others without knowing it.


Common symptoms of TB:prolonged cough (sometimes with blood)
chest pain
weakness
fatigue
weight loss
fever
night sweats.


The symptoms people get depend on where in the body TB becomes active. While TB usually affects the lungs, it also affects the kidneys, brain, spine and skin.

Prevention

Follow these steps to help prevent tuberculosis infection and spread:Seek medical attention if you have symptoms like prolonged cough, fever and unexplained weight loss as early treatment for TB can help stop the spread of disease and improve your chances of recovery.
Get tested for TB infection if you are at increased risk, such as if you have HIV or are in contact with people who have TB in your household or your workplace.
If prescribed treatment to prevent TB, complete the full course.
If you have TB, practice good hygiene when coughing, including avoiding contact with other people and wearing a mask, covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of sputum and used tissues properly.


Special measures like respirators and ventilation are important to reduce infection in healthcare and other institutions.
Diagnosis

WHO recommends the use of rapid molecular diagnostic tests as the initial diagnostic test in all persons with signs and symptoms of TB.

Rapid diagnostic tests recommended by WHO include the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Truenat assays. These tests have high diagnostic accuracy and will lead to major improvements in the early detection of TB and drug-resistant TB.

A tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferongamma release assay (IGRA) can be used to identity people with infection.

Diagnosing multidrug-resistant and other resistant forms of TB (see multidrug-resistant TB section below) as well as HIV-associated TB can be complex and expensive.

Tuberculosis is particularly difficult to diagnose in children.

Treatment

Tuberculosis disease is treated with antibiotics. Treatment is recommended for both TB infection and disease.

The most common antibiotics used are:isoniazid
rifampin
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
streptomycin.

To be effective, these medications need to be taken daily for 4–6 months. It is dangerous to stop the medications early or without medical advice. This can allow TB that is still alive to become resistant to the drugs.

Tuberculosis that doesn’t respond to standard drugs is called drug-resistant TB and requires more toxic treatment with different medicines.




Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Plant compound used in traditional medicine may help fight tuberculosis

Plant compound used in traditional medicine may help fight tuberculosis


UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — A compound found in African wormwood — a plant used medicinally for thousands of years to treat many types of illness — could be effective against tuberculosis, according to a new study that is available online and will be published in the October edition of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

The team, co-led by Penn State researchers, found that the chemical compound, an O-methylflavone, can kill the mycobacteria that causes tuberculosis in both its active state and its slower, hypoxic state, which the mycobacteria enters when it is stressed.

Bacteria in this state are much harder to destroy and make infections more difficult to clear, according to co-corresponding author Joshua Kellogg, assistant professor of veterinary and biomedical sciences in the College of Agricultural Sciences.

While the findings are preliminary, Kellogg said the work is a promising first step in finding new therapies against tuberculosis.

“Now that we’ve isolated this compound, we can move forward with examining and experimenting with its structure to see if we can improve its activity and make it even more effective against tuberculosis,” he said. “We’re also still studying the plant itself to see if we can identify additional molecules that might be able to kill this mycobacterium.”

Tuberculosis — caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Mtb — is one of the world's leading killers among infectious diseases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There are about 10 million cases a year globally, with approximately 1.5 million of those being fatal.

While effective therapies exist for TB, the researchers said there are several factors that make the disease difficult to treat. A standard course of antibiotics lasts six months, and if a patient contracts a drug-resistant strain of the bacteria, it stretches to two years, making treatment costly and time consuming.

Additionally, the bacteria can take two forms in the body, including one that is significantly harder to kill.

“There’s a ‘normal’ microbial bacterial form, in which it’s replicating and growing, but when it gets stressed — when drugs or the immune system is attacking it — it goes into a pseudo-hibernation state, where it shuts down a lot of its cellular processes until it perceives that the threat has passed,” Kellogg said. “This makes it really hard to kill those hibernating cells, so we were really keen to look at potential new chemicals or molecules that are capable of attacking this hibernation state.”

Multiple species of the Artemisia plant have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, the researchers said, including African wormwood, which has been used to treat cough and fever. Recent studies in Africa have suggested that the plant also has clinical benefits in treating TB.

“When we look at the raw plant extract that has hundreds of molecules in it, it’s pretty good at killing TB,” Kellogg said. “Our question was: There seems to be something in the plant that's really effective — what is it?”

For their study, the researchers took raw extract of the African wormwood plant and separated it into “fractions” — versions of the extract that have been separated into simpler chemical profiles. They then tested each of the fractions against Mtb, noting whether they were effective or ineffective against the bacteria. At the same time, they created a chemical profile of all of the tested fractions.

“We also used machine learning to model how the changes in chemistry correlated with the changes in activity that we saw,” Kellogg said. “This allowed us to narrow our focus to two fractions that were really active.”

From these, the researchers identified and tested a compound that effectively killed the bacteria in the pathogen’s active and inactive states, which the researchers said is significant and rare to see in TB treatments. Further testing in a human cell model showed that it had minimal toxicity.

Kellogg said the findings have the potential to open new avenues for developing new, improved therapeutics.

“While the potency of this compound is too low to use directly as an anti-Mtb treatment, it may still be able to serve as the foundation for designing more potent drugs,” he said. “Furthermore, there appear to be other, similar chemicals in African wormwood that may also have the same type of properties.”

The researchers said that in the future, more studies are needed to continue exploring the potential for using African wormwood for treating TB.

Co-authors from Penn State are R. Teal Jordan, research technologist and lab manager in veterinary and biomedical sciences, and Xiaoling Chen, graduate student in pathobiology. Also co-authors on the paper were Scarlet Shell, Maria Natalia Alonso, Junpei Xiao, Juan Hilario Cafiero, Trevor Bush, Melissa Towler and Pamela Weathers, all at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

The National Institutes of Health's National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Disease and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture helped support this work.


Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases


What Are Infectious Diseases?

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by organisms (or contact with organisms). Bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses can all cause infection.


Four Types of Infectious Disease:

Bacterial Infection

Bacteria are single-cell organisms. Infectious bacteria reproduce quickly in your body, making you sick. Antibiotics treat a bacterial infection.

Fungal Infection

Fungi are organisms that can grow almost anywhere. They live in air and water, on indoor surfaces and in your body. Many fungi are harmless, but some can cause infection and serious illness.

Parasitic Infection

A parasite is an organism that requires a host to survive. Parasites live in or on their hosts and feed off them. Giardiasis, the most common parasitic infection in the U.S., often spreads through contaminated water.

Viral Infection

Viruses are germs made of DNA or RNA. They invade cells in your body and multiply (replicate). There are many different viruses, and each one targets a specific type of cell. For instance, the flu infects cells in your respiratory system.


How Are Infectious Diseases Spread?

There are many ways infections can spread. You can catch an infectious disease from an infected person, animal or insect. Contaminated food, soil or water can also cause infectious disease.

When an infectious disease spreads between people, it is also called a contagious disease. Not all infectious diseases are contagious.


Modes of transmission include:

Contaminated Food or Water

Fecal matter from an infected person can contaminate food and water sources. Consuming even a small amount can make you very sick.

Direct Contact With an Animal

An animal can spread infection by licking, biting or scratching you. This can lead to zoonotic diseases such as bird flu and rabies.

Direct Contact With a Person

Some infections spread through direct contact with an infected person. Direct contact includes coughing and sneezing as well as kissing, touching and sexual contact.

Insect Bites

Insects like mosquitoes, ticks and fleas feed off infected people or animals. When an insect carrying infected blood bites you, you can become infected. These infections cause vector-borne diseases.


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Diphtheria Vaccine Recommendations

Diphtheria Vaccine Recommendations



Background

Constrained U.S. Td supply, 2024‎
Production of one tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine, TdVaxTM, has been discontinued. As a result, CDC anticipates that the supply of Td vaccine in the U.S. market will be constrained during 2024. CDC has developed guidance to help vaccination providers.

The United States uses three types of combination vaccines that include protection against diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, and Td. DT vaccine is no longer available in the United States.

DTaP and Tdap also include protection against tetanus and pertussis. Td also includes protection against tetanus. Children younger than 7 years of age receive DTaP, while older children and adults receive Tdap or Td.

The following summarizes CDC's current age-based recommendations for DTaP, Tdap, and Td. Access the official, full text of CDC's current and historical DTaP/Tdap/Td vaccine recommendations.



Infants and children

CDC recommends routine DTaP vaccination for all infants and children younger than 7 years old.

Administer a 5-dose DTaP series, 1 dose at each of the following ages:2 months
4 months
6 months
15 through 18 months
4 through 6 years

Adolescents

CDC recommends routine Tdap vaccination for all adolescents.
Administer a single dose of Tdap at 11 to 12 years of age.

Catch-up guidance

Vaccinate children who miss their shots or start the series later than recommended. Depending on the child's age when vaccination begins, the recommendation varies forType of vaccine
Number of doses
Interval between doses



Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Influenza and Zoonoses Education among Youth in Agriculture Program

Influenza and Zoonoses Education among Youth in Agriculture Program

Purpose


The program educates youth about flu and other zoonotic diseases shared between animals and people. It also delivers disease prevention messages and strengthens One Health networks at the state level and within agricultural communities across America.



Background

In 2011, after multiple outbreaks of influenza (flu) in people caused by viruses that normally spread in pigs, CDC created the Influenza and Zoonoses Education Among Youth in Agriculture program. This program was created in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Since then, CDC has worked with CSTE and USDA to promote One Health collaborations between federal and state public health and animal health authorities and state youth agriculture groups.



Program goals and objectives

Improve participant awareness and knowledge of variant and avian (bird) flu virus infections and other zoonotic diseases, including how diseases spread and how to prevent them.

Motivate participants to adopt behaviors that can help prevent the spread of zoonotic disease.
Help participants better understand the roles public and animal health play in disease prevention and how they work together to achieve the best health for both people and animals.

Develop relationships among stakeholders to facilitate more effective and efficient responses to important public and animal health issues (for example, outbreak response).

Foster inter-state collaboration around youth zoonotic disease education and outbreak response efforts, with the goal of creating a sustainable regional and national partnership network to implement this work.
Increase participant awareness and knowledge of careers in public and animal health.

Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.

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Nations unite at the UN to combat antimicrobial resistance threat

Nations unite at the UN to combat antimicrobial resistance threat



AMR threatens a century of medical progress, potentially making common infections deadly as microbes grow resistant. World leaders in New York just made a commitment to take action to ensure the future of modern medicine.


At the recent United Nations General Assembly in New York, all countries approved a major new political declaration to radically scale up efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – a major threat to modern medicine.

AMR threatens to unwind a century of medical progress, and could return us to the pre-antibiotic era, where infections that are treatable today could become much harder to treat and grow potentially deadly tomorrow.

AMR is caused largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobial medicines – such as antibiotics – making microbes resistant to them, and diseases more dangerous and deadly.

It’s an issue with implications for health at large. Medical facilities are often where the most stubbornly treatment-resistant infections emerge and spread. AMR makes all manner of routine health procedures riskier; in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), approximately 11 percent of people who undergo surgery are infected in the process.


The burden of treatment-resistant infections falls heaviest on LMICs, where AMR is worsened by a lack of access to clean water, stretched health systems, limited budgets, poor access to diagnosis and appropriate treatment, and a lack of enforcement of legislation. Sepsis in newborns that spreads in hospitals is a particularly dramatic illustration of how tough the situation is in LMICs.




AMR also compounds challenges in some of the world’s most difficult circumstances. From Gaza to Sudan to Ukraine, AMR makes wartime injuries harder to treat. Even before the current conflict, AMR was found to be significantly increasing in Gaza, with a 300 percent rise in resistance to specific antibiotics in injured patients after the 2018-19 demonstrations.

The drug-resistant infections that start in conflict zones rarely stay within them, as people flee, medical evacuations are arranged, and soldiers are cared for alongside civilians in hospitals, leading AMR to spread. This is yet another reason why the best medicine is peace.

AMR is associated with more than a million deaths a year, with an escalating death toll projected over the coming decades.



Website: International Conference on Infectious Diseases.


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Boost Your Immunity in 60 Seconds!

                       Boost Your Immunity in 60 Seconds!

Want a quick immune boost? Try these simple tips to kickstart your body's natural defenses in just one minute: Deep Breathing: Take slow, deep breaths for 60 seconds. This helps reduce stress, which is key to a stronger immune system. Hydrate: Drink a glass of water! Staying hydrated supports immune function by flushing out toxins. Hand Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly or use hand sanitizer to reduce exposure to germs. Get Moving: Do 60 seconds of jumping jacks or stretching to improve circulation, which helps immune cells move more efficiently. #pencis More info: infectious.pencis.com Contact: infectious@pencis.com #BoostYourImmunity #QuickImmuneBoost #ImmuneHealth #StayHealthy #HealthyLiving #ImmunityBoost #WellnessTips #StrongerImmunity #NaturalImmunity #QuickWellness #ImmunityMatters #HealthyHabits #FightOffIllness #SelfCareRoutine #StayWell #DailyImmunity #HealthyTips #ImmuneSupport #WellnessInMinutes 

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